12/16/2023 0 Comments Picture of compartments of leg![]() ![]() Osteoarthritis: The common "wear-and-tear" arthritis that occurs with aging. ![]() As a frozen shoulder progresses, movement in the shoulder can be severely limited. Frozen shoulder: Inflammation develops in the shoulder that causes pain and stiffness.This gives the shoulder a wide range of motion, but also makes it vulnerable to injury. The humerus fits relatively loosely into the shoulder joint. A cuff of cartilage called the labrum forms a cup for the ball-like head of the humerus to fit into.The bursa is a small sac of fluid that cushions and protects the tendons of the rotator cuff.The rotator cuff is a collection of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder, giving it support and allowing a wide range of motion.The shoulder has several other important structures: The coracoid process is a hook-like bony projection from the scapula.The clavicle (collarbone) meets the acromion in the acromioclavicular joint.The acromion is a bony projection off the scapula.Other important bones in the shoulder include: The shoulder joint is formed where the humerus (upper arm bone) fits into the scapula (shoulder blade), like a ball and socket. And though the patient with the swollen leg left the hospital with his injured limb paralyzed, he fully regained use of the leg after two years, the study authors reported.The shoulder is one of the largest and most complex joints in the body. The man with the swollen arm was discharged after 32 days, with normal function of his arm and hand restored. Luckily, the swift actions of the medical teams in the study enabled both ACS patients to recover. Venomous bites can also lead to ACS because they can trigger significant inflammation around the area where the venom was injected, and chemicals in the venom may hinder blood clotting, "which can cause you to bleed more," Konda said.Īlthough the study authors concluded that mamushi bites were the most plausible explanation for the patients' ACS, the "diagnosis could not be established owing to the lack of bite marks and clinical history of bite," and so they administered no antivenom, they wrote in the report. The powdered venom, when mixed with other ingredients and blown into an enemy's face, was said to be capable of rendering them unconscious, though it "has not been fully tested," according to the text.Īfter a bite, toxins in the venom could have made their way into a capillary and ruptured it, causing a leak that would have led to a buildup of extreme pressure, the study authors reported. However, mamushi venom is powerful, and is so renowned that it was included in an ancient Japanese samurai scroll of deadly battle tactics. And their bites, delivered with delicate fangs that measure about 0.2 inches (5 millimeters) long, initially cause only minor pain and leave marks that are often too small to see, according to the case report. They hide under grasses and leaves and can be tough to spot, as they measure less than 24 inches (60 centimeters) in length. The mamushi is widespread in Japan, Korea and parts of China and Russia, according to a reptile database maintained by the Zoological Museum at the University of Hamburg in Germany. The time of year and locations where the injuries occurred, along with the rapid emergence of the swelling, suggested to the doctors that a type of snake in the viper family commonly known as the mamushi ( Gloydius blomhoffii) was the culprit. But they noted that the patients could also have been having a reaction to the venom of a snake or an insect. Neither patient had recently experienced a severe trauma that could explain his ACS, which puzzled the doctors. In both instances, the painful swelling was so severe that the surgeons had to make cuts to the limbs, to relieve the pressure and prevent permanent muscle damage. In the earlier case, from 2008, the report described a 42-year-old man who developed swelling throughout his right leg and foot. In one of the cases described in the report, a 38-year-old man was hospitalized in 2016 with a dramatic swelling from his forearm to his shoulder. However, ACS can also develop from a minor trauma in people who are on blood-thinning medication, or it can emerge following the injection of a foreign material into the arm or leg, such as snake venom, he explained. Typically, ACS is caused by a severe, high-impact injury - "usually a crush injury," such as a car or motorcycle accident, or a trauma involving heavy machinery, Konda told Live Science. (Image credit: Takeda S, et al./BMJ Case Reports/CC BY 4.0) Surgeons performed a fasciotomy on a patient's arm to prevent tissue death from the extreme pressure.
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